The new science of muscle memory
It happens to everyone at some point – An unwanted break in training.
You might have few crazy weeks at work or school, an upcoming move, new baby in the house, whatever. More commonly, an injury or some recurring joint pain will sideline you from time to time.
Whatever the cause, you might have noticed that it doesn’t take very long to lose those hard earned gains in size and strength. In fact, visibly seeing the loss in muscle mass can be a little devastating (trust me, I’ve been there).
It may seem that all is lost, and you have to start back at the ground floor, but that’s not so. New evidence in muscle science suggests that all of your hard work may still be paying off, even after months or years of de-training. In other words, you may have lost muscle mass and strength, but you can get it back way faster than you think.
Here’s some cutting edge science for you. Check it out.
De-training, re-training, and ‘muscle memory.’
Typically, the longer you go without training, the longer it takes to get your gains back. However, previously trained athletes and lifters can regain muscle mass and strength more easily than untrained individuals, even after long periods of inactivity and muscle loss (4, 5).
This is called the ‘muscle memory’ phenomenon.
You have probably heard of that, but the truth is that we’re just now getting a better scientific understanding of what is all going on here. These long lasting memory training effects have historically been attributed to the central nervous system. But recently, an entirely different mechanism has been shown at the muscle cell level.
Muscle cells (or muscle fibers) are long, cylindrical cells that contain hundreds to thousands of little nuclei. Those are the little blue dots you see in all of these muscle pictures. The myonuclei are little control centers, allowing for the rapid, simultaneous, and coordinated growth and repair of muscle tissue. Bigger muscle fibers need more of these nuclei because each one can only support a small portion of the total cell. That area of control is called the ‘myonuclear domain.’
Domain size is relatively constant under normal conditions, but it can increase or decrease depending on changes in muscle fiber size. For example, sustained muscle fiber growth (what many of us are hoping for) requires the addition of new myonuclei by muscle stem cells (satellite cells).
More myonuclei means more efficient growth and repair signals, which are required to adequately meet the growing cell’s needs.
Classic hypertrophy model: What we used to think
We used to think that myonuclei were lost during periods of muscle atrophy. That classic model (shown above) suggests that the myonuclear domain remains constant with changed in overall cell size. However, what we’re seeing now is that nuclei can be preserved, even during substantial periods of detraining and muscle mass loss (1-3, 6).
There is a clear preservation of growth machinery for future periods of growth. In other words, this is what muscle memory looks like.
‘Muscle Memory’ Mechanism: What we think now
Based on this new research, a brand new muscle mass regulation theory suggests that atrophy and muscle loss is NOT a degenerative, regressive process. The previously added nuclei (those muscle control centers) are more permanent than once thought (2).
Sure, muscle fiber size will decrease with de-training, but the added muscle nuclei from periods of focused growth and strength training will remain for a long time. That’s a very good thing. Consider it a long-term investment in strength. This mechanism does make logical sense. It would be a total waste of resource for your body to create more nuclei, just to lose them all down the road.
This new muscle hypertrophy model may explain the ‘muscle memory’ phenomenon from the cellular level. While your muscles can’t remember anything, the added nuclei do act as a sort of placeholder. This allows the muscle to regrow much faster and efficiently with a future hypertrophic stimulus (like weightlifting).
One thing we don’t know is how long these extra nuclei actually stick around. It could be months, years, or forever, we don’t know. This is actually the topic of cutting-edge muscle research currently underway at Cal State Fullerton. With that data, we’ll have a much more fundamental understanding of how muscle adapts to training and detraining.
That will only help us all train more effectively and efficiently in the future.
A video posted by Andy Galpin (@drandygalpin) on
So, what does this mean for you right now?
Your hard work in the gym is never lost, even after you’ve been out of it for a while.
Your muscle cells have used up valuable resources to make new nuclei. This will help support the growth and function of larger muscle cells. Even if those cells shrink during detraining, you will probably still have many, many extra nuclei ready and waiting. That will make it much easier for you to get right back to where you were before, and beyond.
Don’t lose your motivation, and don’t ever beat yourself up over lost gains. Life will get in the way of your training from time to time. This is inevitable, and as science is now showing us, no big deal. With nothing more than a little planning, you can bounce back much stronger than before.
Cheers,
Jimmy
References
1. Bruusgaard JC, Egner IM, Larsen TK, Dupre-Aucouturier S, Desplanches D, and Gundersen K. No change in myonuclear number during muscle unloading and reloading. J Appl Physiol 113: 290-296, 2012.
2. Bruusgaard JC, Johansen IB, Egner IM, Rana ZA, and Gundersen K. Myonuclei acquired by overload exercise precede hypertrophy and are not lost on detraining. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 15111-15116, 2010.
3. Egner IM, Bruusgaard JC, Eftestol E, and Gundersen K. A cellular memory mechanism aids overload hypertrophy in muscle long after an episodic exposure to anabolic steroids. J Physiol 591: 6221-6230, 2013.
4. Staron RS, Leonardi MJ, Karapondo DL, Malicky ES, Falkel JE, Hagerman FC, and Hikida RS. Strength and skeletal muscle adaptations in heavy-resistance-trained women after detraining and retraining. J Appl Physiol 70: 631-640, 1991.
5. Taaffe DR and Marcus R. Dynamic muscle strength alterations to detraining and retraining in elderly men. Clin Physiol 17: 311-324, 1997.
6. Wang H, Listrat A, Meunier B, Gueugneau M, Coudy-Gandilhon C, Combaret L, Taillandier D, Polge C, Attaix D, Lethias C, Lee K, Goh KL, and Bechet D. Apoptosis in capillary endothelial cells in ageing skeletal muscle. Aging Cell 13: 254-262, 2014.
17 Responses to “The new science of muscle memory”
Thanks for the article, breaking it down Barney style for the less eduacted! good work brother!
Awesome! This definitely breathes new life into the discussion and makes even more sense how previous high level athletes quickly regain a desirable body composition and “lost” ability. So cool!!! Thanks!
This is really fascinating! A few questions:
(1) How much weightlifting and training is required to build new myonuclei?
(2) Are there training methods that build myonuclei faster than others?
(3.a) Assuming that the number of myonuclei a muscle fiber can contain is limited by the size of the muscle fiber, do we know the maximum ratio of myonuclei to muscle size? (3.b) I’m not sure how a muscle fiber is measured, by volume?
Thanks!
Hi Nancy. These are great questions! Nobody really has all of these answers at the moment, but I’ll give them a shot. 1) There is something called a ‘myonuclear domain ceiling’. Resistance training causes your muscle cells to hypertrophy, at which point the myonuclear domain (volume that each nuclei is responsible for) gets bigger. At some point more nuclei must be added for continued and sustained growth. If the myonuclear domain gets 20-30% larger (in animal models), then new nuclei must be added. 2) This in unknown. But, I would guess that resistance exercise for hypertrophy would cause the fastest myonuclear accretion. Also, anabolic steroid use has been shown to significantly increase myonuclear content, but this is a whole another topic… 3a) Like I mentioned, after the muscle cell grows by 20-30%, it looks like new nuclei must be added to sustain that growth. Also, slow twitch fibers have more nuclei per volume (i.e. smaller myonuclear domain) compared to fast fibers. This is because slow fibers have a faster rate of protein synthesis, but this is also a whole another topic… 3b) Yes, fibers are generally measure by volume (um3) and myonuclear domain is also measured in volume. But, they can also be measured by cross sectional area (CSA, um2). I hope this helps! These might be good topics to discuss in future articles, eh?
Awesome article, having just returned from 6 months out of training whilst travelling I beat myself up pretty bad when I retested my 1RM’s and now have noodles for legs. Been training again for 2 months now and have gained 1 lb per week and I’m almost back where I was before I left off, so this makes perfect sense. Just wish I’d read this before I went so I could have relaxed a bit more!
I would say the same. Wish I knew what I know now a lot earlier on. Saves massive headaches, eh?
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Excellent article! I do have a question, however: does the preservation of myonuclei only count for disuse atrophy or is this theory also applicable to starvation atrophy (since these are distinct pathways)?
Thanks in advance!
Sherwin
Interesting question! I’m not sure that there is a clear answer at the moment. But, I would assume the the preservation of myonuclei would be desired especially in times of starvation, as energy is required to produce new nuclei. Myonuclear addition via satellite cells is partially controlled by the transcription factor MyoD. MyoD suppression during starvation may be one pathway that leads to atrophy. More research needs to be done on this topic, especially in humans!
-Jimmy
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I’m glad to see this research is finally getting the attention it deserves. We discussed this phenomenon, and cited one the early studies mentioned above, in our 2011 book, Biology for Bodybuilders (page 88). It’s an I mportant point and deserves wider understanding.
True, Glenn. Thanks for the comment. Cheers,
i trained seriously 20-22 years ago, gained 30 kgs of bulk and was close to entering local bobdyduilding comps – no steroids but was accused because I grew so quick over 12mths
now in my late 40’s and been mostly back to my pre-bulk days weight in the 70-80kg range, whenever i hit the weights now I instantly inflate like a balloon and gain muscle mass very quickly – can put on at a rate of 2kg per week no problem
i have always put it down to MM but only just started reading about it
i reckon i’d be a great guinea pig or lab study for someone?
Mabs
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